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"Burkholder, J. Peter (James Peter)"
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The pop palimpsest : intertextuality in recorded popular music
\"Within popular music there are entire genres (jazz \"standards\"), styles (hip hop), techniques (sampling), and practices (covers) that rely heavily on references between music of different styles and genres. This interdisciplinary collection of essays covers a wide range of musical styles and artists to investigate intertextuality--the shaping of one text by another--in popular music. The Pop Palimpsest offers new methodologies and frameworks for the analysis of intertextuality in popular music, and provides new lenses for examining relationships between a variety of texts both musical and nonmusical. Enriched by perspectives from multiple subdisciplines, The Pop Palimpsest considers a broad range of intertextual relationships in popular music to explore creative practices and processes and the networks that intertextual practices create between artists and listeners.\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Music of the Americas and Historical Narratives
Burkholder explores on what type of music should be included in the historical narratives of the Western musical tradition. He further investigates on what parts of the world does Western music encompasses. Furthermore, he suggests some of the innumerable ways in which the music of the Americas is part of the same tradition as European music given the long history of influences in both directions and of parallel developments on both sides of the Atlantic.
Journal Article
Mortality following myocardial infarction among HIV-infected persons: the Center for AIDS Research Network Of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS)
Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have higher risks for myocardial infarction (MI) than the general population. This is driven in part by higher type 2 MI (T2MI, due to coronary supply-demand mismatch) rates among persons with HIV (PWH). In the general population, T2MI has higher mortality than type 1 MI (T1MI, spontaneous and generally due to plaque rupture and thrombosis). PWH have a greater burden of comorbidities and may therefore have an even greater excess risk for complication and death in the setting of T2MI. However, mortality patterns after T1MI and T2MI in HIV are unknown.
We analyzed mortality after MI among PWH enrolled in the multicenter, US-based Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) cohort (N = 28,186). Incident MIs occurring between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2014, were centrally adjudicated and classified as T1MI or T2MI. We first compared mortality following T1MI vs. T2MI among PWH. Cox survival analyses and Bayesian model averaging were then used to evaluate pre-MI covariates associated with mortality following T1MI and T2MI.
Among the 596 out of 28,186 PWH who experienced MI (2.1%; 293 T1MI and 303 T2MI), mortality rates were significantly greater after T2MI (22.2/100 person-years; 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality 39%, 52%, and 62%) than T1MI (8.2/100 person-years; 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality 15%, 22%, and 30%). Significant mortality predictors after T1MI were higher HIV viral load, renal dysfunction, and older age. Significant predictors of mortality after T2MI were low body-mass index (BMI) and detectable HIV viral load.
Mortality is high following MI for PWH and substantially greater after T2MI than T1MI. Predictors of death after MI differed by type of MI, reinforcing the different clinical scenarios associated with each MI type and the importance of considering MI types separately.
Journal Article
The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Music
To my knowledge, it is the first attempt to encompass in a single volume all manner of musics practiced in the twentieth century with roots in European and American traditions, including art music, jazz, popular music, entertainment music, film music, and cross-cultural amalgams around the world. [...] third, within each tradition (classical, jazz, pop, and so forth) and across traditions, it would emphasize the relation of each new piece to the music currently in circulation, including music of the past, and the competition of composers and performers with the master musicians of the past and with each other to capture the flags of tradition, of critical esteem, and of popularity with audiences.
Book Review
Incidence of AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Infections in a Multicohort Analysis of HIV-infected Persons in the United States and Canada, 2000–2010
Background. There are few recent data on the rates of AIDS-defining opportunistic infections (OIs) among human immuno-deficiency virus (HlV)-infected patients in care in the United States and Canada. Methods. We studied HIV-infected participants in 16 cohorts in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) during 2000-2010. After excluding 16 737 (21%) with any AIDS-defining clinical events documented before NA-ACCORD enrollment, we analyzed incident OIs among the remaining 63 541 persons, most of whom received antiretroviral therapy during the observation. We calculated incidence rates per 100 person-years of observation (hereafter, \"person-years\") with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the first occurrence of any OI and select individual OIs during 2000–2003, 2004–2007, and 2008–2010. Results. A total of 63 541 persons contributed 261 573 person-years, of whom 5836 (9%) developed at least 1 OI. The incidence rate of any first OI decreased over the 3 observation periods, with 3.0 cases, 2.4 cases, and 1.5 cases per 100 person-years of observation during 2000–2003, 2004–2007, and 2008–2010, respectively (Ptrend<.001); the rates of most individual OIs decreased as well. During 2008–2010, the leading OIs included Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, esophageal candidiasis, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex or Mycobacterium kansasii infection. Conclusions. For HIV-infected persons in care during 2000–2010, rates of first OI were relatively low and generally declined over this time.
Journal Article
A randomized, multicentre, open-label, parallel-group trial of the tolerability of interferon beta-1a (Rebif®) administered by autoinjection or manual injection in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
Injection site reactions (ISRs) are a common side effect of subcutaneous interferon beta therapy, particularly during initiation of therapy. Retrospective analysis of two clinical trials showed that patients using an autoinjector experienced fewer ISRs than patients administering interferon beta manually. This randomized, open-label trial compared the occurrence of ISRs in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients subcutaneously injecting interferon beta-1a manually or with autoinjector. In total, 1825 patients (autoinjector, 932; manual injection, 893) were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Significantly fewer patients using the autoinjector experienced ISRs, based on physician assessment, compared with manual injection (78.7% versus 85.4%; p<0.001). There was no statistical difference on primary study endpoint: number of patients experiencing moderate to severe ISRs after 12 weeks’ therapy (25.3% versus 23.2%, P=0.449). The patient-reported proportion of any ISR during the treatment period was significantly greater for the manual injection group (71.8% versus 66.1%; p<0.001). The decreased incidence of ISRs with the autoinjector compared to manual injection seen in this short-term study, coupled with ease of use of the autoinjector, suggest that it could improve compliance, and therefore therapeutic outcomes in some patients.
Journal Article
